广州城市污泥中重金属的存在特征及其农用生态风险评价

分析了广州7种城市污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni的含量,研究了其中5种污泥中重金属的形态特征,并利用地累积指数（Igeo）和潜在生态危害指数法（RI）对污泥农用过程中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了综合性评价. 结果表明,广州不同来源城市污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni含量较高,变化幅度较大,而Pb、Cr含量较低. 除一种污泥中Cu超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准（GB18918-2002）,但所有污泥中重金属含量都超过珠江三角洲耕地土壤均值.不同重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布差异较大. 其中,含工业污水污泥中Cu、Cr还原态占很大的比例,Pb、Fe主要以还原态和残渣态存在;生活污水污泥中重金属主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在,酸可交换态中Mn的比例较高,易还原态中Zn的比例较高;5种污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn潜在迁移性最强.Igeo和RI评价结果表明,污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn是潜在的强生态风险元素,污泥在农用过程中具有一定生态风险性. Igeo和RI用于污泥农用过程中重金属的生态风险评价是可行的,与其它评价方法相比较, RI能更好地反映污泥中重金属对生态环境的综合影响.     

Prospects for carbon-neutral housing: the influence of greater wood use on the carbon footprint of a single-family residence

This paper examines the energy and carbon balance of two residential house alternatives; a typical wood frame home using more conventional materials (brick cladding, vinyl windows, asphalt shingles, and fibreglass insulation) and a similar wood frame house that also maximizes wood use throughout (cedar shingles and siding, wood windows, and cellulose insulation) in place of the more typical materials used – a wood-intensive house. Carbon emission and fossil fuel consumption balances were established for the two homes based on the cumulative total of three subsystems: (1) forest harvesting and regeneration; (2) cradle-to-gate product manufacturing, construction, and replacement effects over a 100-year service life; and (3) end-of-life effects – landfilling with methane capture and combustion or recovery of biomass for energy production.The net carbon balance of the wood-intensive house showed a complete offset of the manufacturing emissions by the credit given to the system for forest re-growth. Including landfill methane emissions, the wood-intensive life cycle yielded 20 tons of CO₂e emissions compared to 72 tons for the typical house. The wood-intensive home's life cycle also consumed only 45% of the fossil fuels used in the typical house.Diverting wood materials from the landfill at the end of life improved the life cycle balances of both the typical and wood-intensive houses. The carbon balance of the wood-intensive house was 5.2 tons of CO₂e permanently removed from the atmosphere (a net carbon sink) as compared to 63.4 of total CO₂e emissions for the typical house. Substitution of wood fuel for natural gas and coal in electricity production led to a net energy balance of the wood-intensive house that was nearly neutral, 87.1 GJ energy use, 88% lower than the scenario in which the materials were landfilled.Allocating biomass generation and carbon sequestration in the forest on an economic basis as opposed to a mass basis significantly improves the life cycle balances of both houses. Employing an economic allocation method to the forest leads to 3–5 times greater carbon sequestration and fossil fuel substitution attributable to the house, which is doubled in forestry regimes that remove stumps and slash as fuel. Thus, wood use has the potential to create a significantly negative carbon footprint for a house up to the point of occupancy and even offset a portion of heating and cooling energy use and carbon emissions; the wood-intensive house is energy and carbon neutral for 34–68 years in Ottawa and has the potential to be a net carbon sink and energy producer in a more temperate climate like San Francisco.     

干旱区内陆河流域土地利用程度变化与生态安全评价——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例

以天山北坡玛纳斯河流域为例,在遥感与GIS支持下揭示了流域1989-2002年间土地利用程度变化状况,并进一步对流域生态安全进行了综合评价,最后分析了土地利用程度变化与生态安全的关系。结果表明：①玛纳斯河流域土地利用程度稳定上升,土地利用总体处于发展时期;②1989-2002年,流域生态安全状况整体有所好转,但局部生态环境出现恶化趋势;③流域土地利用程度综合指数在18~100间的区域生态安全等级有所提高,由1989年主体属于中警状态提高到2002年的预警状态;④不同土地利用程度下流域在较安全和预警状态面积之和有以下顺序：Ⅴ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ,表明Ⅴ级土地利用程度区即林草地是流域生态恢复和重建的首选和重要组成部分,而沙地则是生态环境治理的难题和关键。最后,提出了通过提高低利用程度区的土地利用程度来确保生态安全的观点。     

仓面浇筑立体空间冲突致灾过程建模与伤害评价*

为定量评价大坝浇筑过程空间冲突致灾事故后果,通过对缆机运输典型情景进行危害能量运动分解,确定在水平和竖直方向运动方式,阐述危害能量在流动路径相互转化形式;根据能量守恒定律,分析危害能量在吊罐与承灾体碰撞接触之间转移规律,将吊罐与人头部接触过程抽象为带强阻尼的弹簧振子系统,建立危害能量与碰撞冲量相等的动量方程,量化空间冲突致灾后果。结果表明:吊罐坠落危害能量极大,产生的碰撞冲击力与吊罐的运输速度、高度呈正相关,与阻力系数呈负相关,风速、载重对其影响较大。对比2种不同碰撞情景发现,机械碰撞因顶部承载力缓冲,对人头部产生伤害远小于直接碰撞,并对碰撞结果分级评价,研究结果可为大坝浇筑交叉作业空间冲突致灾风险评价提供参考。     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

Waste management from the perspective of circularity of materials

The purpose of the study was to analyze the social phenomenon of collecting animal carcasses from rural properties using the perspective of the ecological modernization theory. The results show that the success of the Recolhe pilot project is associated with users’ engagement in environmental awareness, environmental regulations, sanitary and environmental risk management, minimization of labor in rural properties, and municipal legal pressures.     

新中国70年生态环境建设发展的艰难历程与辉煌成就

中国的生态环境建设,经历了新中国建立之初生产力低下的农耕文明、改革开放后的工业文明、迈向生态文明的三大阶段,每个阶段都有自身的特质、挑战、应对和成效。从1949年到改革开放前,中国整体上表现为农耕文明特征,自然灾害频发、粮食生产短缺、城市化水平低下。为了跳出"马尔萨斯陷阱",新中国的缔造者带领人民治理水患,兴修水利,拓荒垦殖,问题得到缓解但没有得到解决,贫困落后依然,没能彻底摆脱"马尔萨斯魔咒"。改革开放后,工业化快速推进,城市化加速发展,使农民得以从土地中解放出来,极大地提升了劳动生产力;同时也使土地得以从农民手中部分释放出来,不仅大幅提升了土地资源价值,也使土地得以休养生息自我生态修复。虽然快速的工业化、城市化进程大幅提升了生产力、积累了巨量的物质财富,但是进入21世纪以来,中国的发展逼近工业文明的生态红线、环境底线和资源上线,可持续发展挑战不断凸显。2010年后,中国全面启动生态保护、污染控制和资源节约的转型发展进程,高质量、大力度建设生态文明,推进人与自然的和谐 发展。     

建筑工程生产事故死亡人数时间序列分析

为研究建筑工程安全生产事故死亡人数的变化规律,采用时间序列分析方法,分析了建筑安全事故死亡人数时间序列上的趋势性规律,通过数据预处理和模型的识别与检验,最终建立了安全事故死亡人数预测模型。对全国2005—2014年建筑工程安全生产事故造成的死亡人数进行了分析和预测。结果表明:ARIMA模型各年预测值与实际值误差率为0.393,相比灰色模型和BP神经网络模型误差率最小。总体上说,ARIMA模型较适用于随机性较大的数据的趋势预测。     

亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究

以我国亚热带农业面源污染防控工程——生态沟渠为研究对象,在2013~2014年对其径流量和每月进出口水质中NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N和TN的质量浓度进行监测,通过分析生态沟渠在不同时间段对不同形态氮素的去除差异,探讨了生态沟渠对面源污染中氮素迁移的拦截效应.结果表明,2 a内生态沟渠对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为77.8%、58.3%和48.7%;拦截量分别为38.4、59.6和171.1 kg·a~(-1);进水中无机态氮NO~-_3-N和NH~+_4-N之和占TN质量分数的平均值为47.5%,出水中平均值为33.6%,比进水显著降低(P0.01).2014年生态沟渠中水生植物全部改种为绿狐尾藻后,对NO~-_3-N和TN的拦截率比2013年分别增加了30.5%和18.2%,表明种植绿狐尾藻进一步提升了生态沟渠对氮素的拦截能力.可见,生态沟渠对农区地表径流中氮素迁移有较好的拦截作用,可作为一项重要的农业面源氮污染防控技术.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.